Understand the Procedure.
Prepare Your Next Step.

Advanced Heart Screening

Additional tests after basic screening, such as a coronary calcium score or echocardiography, to clarify risk in people without…

Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

Automatic blood pressure measurement every 15 to 30 minutes for 24 hours, including during sleep, with a cuff and a small device…

Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) Test

A needle-free test that compares blood pressure at the ankles and arms to detect narrowed leg arteries and assess heart risk.

Anti-dsDNA Test

A blood test that looks for antibodies against double-stranded DNA to support a lupus diagnosis and monitor its activity…

Anti-Sm/RNP Test

A follow-up blood test after a positive ANA that looks for anti-Sm antibodies, typical of lupus, and anti-RNP antibodies, which…

Anticoagulation Therapy and Stroke Prevention

Treatment with blood thinners to prevent clots that can cause a stroke, especially in atrial fibrillation, and to treat clots in…

Antinuclear Antibody Test

ANA Test

A screening blood test that looks for antibodies against the nuclei of your own cells, as an initial step in looking for lupus…

Antiphospholipid Antibody Test

A blood test to look for antibodies that make the blood clot easily, as a basis for diagnosing antiphospholipid syndrome and…

Aortic Angiography

An X-ray examination of the aorta and its branches after contrast dye is injected through a catheter, to look for narrowing…

Aortic Recoarctation Repair

A procedure to reopen an aorta that has narrowed again after coarctation repair, usually through a catheter with a balloon and…

Aortic Stent Graft Placement

Endovascular Aortic Repair

Placement of a metal-framed fabric tube (stent graft) inside the aorta through a blood vessel in the groin, to treat an aortic…

Aortic Surgery

Open surgery to replace a widened, torn, or damaged section of the aorta with an artificial tube, in either the chest or the…

Arrhythmia Management

Treatment of heart rhythm disorders by type, from finding causes and triggers and using medicines to ablation or implanting a…

Arrhythmia Screening

A pulse check, ECG, and, if needed, a multi-day ECG recording to find heart rhythm disorders that cause no symptoms, especially…

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Closure

A procedure to close a hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart (ASD), usually through a catheter from the…

Balloon Angioplasty for Aortic Coarctation

A catheter procedure that uses a balloon to widen an aorta that has been narrowed since birth (coarctation), without surgery…

Bentall Procedure

Open-heart surgery to replace the aortic valve and an enlarged aortic root with a single valved artificial tube, then reattach…

Blood Biomarker Tests

An overview of the blood tests cardiologists use, from markers of heart damage and strain to cholesterol, blood sugar, and kidney…

Blood Electrolyte Test

A blood test that measures sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes, to help maintain fluid balance and heart rhythm and to…

Blood Sugar Test

A blood test that measures the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood, to detect diabetes, prediabetes, or low blood sugar, and to…

Bone Scintigraphy

Bone Scan

A nuclear medicine test using a bone tracer that, in cardiology, is used to detect transthyretin (ATTR) cardiac amyloidosis…

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Test

A blood test that measures an inflammation marker protein made by the liver, to assess infection or inflammation and, with the…

Cardiac Ablation

A catheter procedure to deactivate the electrical spot or pathway that triggers a heart rhythm disorder, using heat, cold, or an…

Cardiac Biomarkers

A group of blood tests to assess heart muscle damage, strain on the heart, and blood clots, especially when chest pain or…

Cardiac Catheterization

A procedure that passes a thin catheter through a blood vessel to the heart to image the coronary arteries, measure pressure and…

Cardiac CT Scan

An imaging test with rotating X-rays to capture the heart and coronary arteries, from a calcium score without contrast to…

Cardiac Medical Check-Up

A series of tests in one visit, from blood tests, an ECG, and echocardiography to an exercise test depending on the package, to…

Cardiac MRI

A heart test using a magnetic field and radio waves, without X-rays, to assess the heart's size, pumping strength, and muscle…

Cardiac PET Scan

A nuclear imaging test to assess blood flow to the heart muscle, heart muscle that is still alive, and inflammation or infection…

Cardiac Rehabilitation Phase I

The initial stage of cardiac rehabilitation while still in the hospital: gradual, monitored exercise, education on medicines and…

Cardiac Rehabilitation Phase II

A team-supervised outpatient exercise program, usually 8 to 12 weeks after leaving the hospital, combined with education and risk…

Cardiac Rehabilitation Phase III

The long-term maintenance stage after Phase II cardiac rehabilitation. You exercise more independently with a personal exercise…

Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

CRT

Implantation of a special pacemaker with leads to the right and left ventricles so both ventricles contract in sync again, in…

Cardiac Troponin Test

A blood test that measures troponin, a protein specific to heart muscle, to confirm or rule out a heart attack and other heart…

Cardiovascular Risk Management Program

Regular support to control blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, weight, and smoking toward personal targets, to lower the…

Chest X-Ray

A chest X-ray to see the size of the heart, fluid in the lungs, and other causes of shortness of breath, as well as the position…

Cholesterol and Lipid Profile Screening

A blood test that measures LDL cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, and, if needed, lipoprotein(a), to assess the risk of coronary…

Coagulation Tests

A blood test to assess how quickly your blood clots, mainly to monitor blood thinners such as warfarin and before heart…

Complement C3 and C4 Test

A blood test that measures the complement proteins C3 and C4 to assess lupus activity, kidney inflammation, and causes of…

Complete Blood Count

CBC

A blood test that counts red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to look for anemia and infection and to assess…

Congenital Heart Surgery

Surgery to repair structural heart problems present from birth, such as a hole in the heart's dividing wall, a narrowed valve, or…

Coronary Angiography

An examination of the coronary arteries using a thin catheter and contrast dye under X-ray to see where a narrowing is and how…

Coronary Angioplasty

A procedure without open surgery to open a narrowed or blocked coronary artery with a small balloon, usually followed by placing…

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

CABG

Heart surgery that connects blood vessels from the chest, arm, or leg to create a detour around narrowed coronary arteries, so…

Coronary Artery Disease Management

Long-term care for coronary artery disease with medicines that protect the blood vessels, risk factor control, rehabilitation…

Creatine Kinase (CK) Test

A blood test that measures the level of the enzyme creatine kinase, a marker of muscle damage, for example when you have muscle…

CT Coronary Angiography

A CT scan with contrast dye to view the coronary arteries without a catheter, looking for plaque and narrowing in chest pain or…

D-Dimer Test

A blood test that measures the breakdown products of blood clots to help rule out clots in the leg veins and lungs, including…

Diabetes Screening

Fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, or OGTT testing in people without symptoms to find type 2 diabetes and prediabetes early, before…

Duplex Ultrasound

A blood vessel test using sound waves, with no radiation and no needles, to look for narrowing, blockages, blood clots, or leaky…

Dyslipidemia Management

Long-term management of abnormal cholesterol and triglyceride levels, with an LDL target based on your risk level, diet, statins…

Echocardiography

A heart ultrasound that uses sound waves to look at the heart's chambers, walls, valves, and pumping strength, without radiation…

Electrocardiogram

ECG

A recording of the heart's electrical activity for a few seconds through electrodes on the skin, to look for rhythm problems…

Electrophysiology Study

A catheter test that records electrical signals from inside the heart, triggers arrhythmias in a controlled way, and confirms…

Embolectomy

An emergency procedure to remove a blood clot that has traveled in the bloodstream and blocked an artery in the leg, arm, or…

Endomyocardial Biopsy

Endomyocardial biopsy is a diagnostic procedure that takes a small sample of heart muscle tissue through a catheter to help…

Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

EVAR

Repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm from inside the blood vessel: a stent graft is inserted through an artery in the groin and…

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

ESR

A simple blood test that measures how quickly red blood cells settle in one hour, as a marker of inflammation in the body.

Fractional Flow Reserve

FFR

Measurement of blood pressure inside a coronary artery with a sensor-tipped wire to assess whether a narrowing truly reduces…

HbA1c Test

A blood test that reflects your average blood sugar over the past two to three months, used to detect diabetes and monitor how…

Heart Defect Closure

A procedure to close a congenital hole in the heart's dividing wall or in a channel between blood vessels, such as ASD, VSD, PDA…

Heart Failure Management

Long-term heart failure care with core medications increased step by step, self-care at home, rehabilitation, and devices or…

Heart Transplant

Surgery to replace a severely damaged heart with a donor heart, considered in advanced heart failure that no longer improves with…

Heart Valve Surgery

Surgery to repair a heart valve that is narrowed or leaking, or to replace it with a mechanical or biological artificial valve…

Hemodialysis

Machine-based blood cleaning that filters toxins and excess fluid from the blood through an artificial kidney, usually 2 to 3…

Holter Monitoring

Continuous recording of the heart rhythm for 24 to 48 hours with a small device you carry during your activities, to look for…

Home Blood Pressure Monitoring

Measuring your own blood pressure at home with a validated upper-arm device, morning and evening for 7 days, to confirm a…

Hybrid Heart Procedure

A treatment plan that combines heart surgery and catheter procedures, for example small-incision bypass plus stents, in one…

Hypertension and Blood Pressure Screening

Correct blood pressure measurement at the clinic, supplemented by home or 24-hour monitoring if needed, to detect hypertension…

Hypertension Management

Long-term care for high blood pressure with lifestyle changes, combination medicines, and home monitoring until the target is…

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

ICD

Placement of a small device under the skin of the chest that continuously monitors the heart rhythm and stops a very fast…

Implantable Loop Recorder

ILR

A heart rhythm recorder the size of a small flash drive, placed under the skin of the chest with local anesthesia, that records…

Individual Heart Risk Screening

A combined assessment of blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, smoking, and family history to estimate your risk of heart…

Integrated Medication Therapy

Heart treatment with several medications chosen, combined, and monitored as one plan to prevent heart attack, stroke, and…

Intravascular Ultrasound

IVUS

Imaging from inside the coronary arteries using sound waves through a thin catheter, to assess plaque, measure the vessel, and…

Kidney Biopsy

Removal of a small amount of kidney tissue with a thin, ultrasound-guided needle to find the cause of kidney damage, including…

Kidney Function Test

A blood test for creatinine, urea, and eGFR to assess how well the kidneys filter blood, including before procedures with…

Laboratory Tests

Testing of blood samples, and sometimes urine, to assess heart risk factors, organ function, and signs of damage or strain on the…

LAMP2 Genetic Test

A DNA test on a blood sample that looks for changes in the LAMP2 gene, which cause Danon disease, when thickening of the heart…

Lead Extraction

A procedure to remove the long-implanted wires (leads) of a pacemaker, ICD, or CRT device, mainly because of infection or a…

Left Atrial Appendage Closure

A catheter procedure to close a small pouch in the heart's left upper chamber (the appendage) with a plug device, to prevent…

Lifestyle Counseling and Risk Management

A consultation session to change habits that affect your heart, such as diet, physical activity, smoking, weight, sleep, and…

Liver Function Test

A blood test that measures liver enzymes, bilirubin, and proteins made by the liver to assess liver health, including the effects…

Long-Term Heart Rhythm Monitoring

Recording of the heart rhythm for several days to several years with a Holter, patch recorder, event recorder, or implanted…

Lung Function Test

Spirometry

A test in which you blow into a device to measure how much air leaves your lungs and how fast, helping to tell whether…

Lymphedema Management

A series of non-surgical therapies to reduce and control swelling caused by poor lymph flow, using special massage, compression…

Lymphoscintigraphy

Lymphatic Scan

A nuclear medicine test that maps lymph flow in the legs or arms, to confirm lymphedema and distinguish it from other causes of…

Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery

Heart surgery through a small incision between the ribs or through part of the breastbone, for valve repair, closing a hole…

Mitral Valve Repair

A procedure to make a leaking mitral valve close tightly again while keeping the original valve, through heart surgery or through…

Muscle Biopsy

Removal of a small sample of muscle tissue, usually from the thigh or upper arm, to confirm the type of muscle disease, including…

Myocardial Perfusion Imaging

A nuclear medicine test that compares blood flow to the heart muscle at rest and when the heart is working hard, to look for…

NT-proBNP and BNP Test

A blood test that measures a hormone the heart releases when it is under heavy strain, to help diagnose heart failure, assess its…

Optical Coherence Tomography

OCT

An imaging test from inside the coronary arteries using infrared light through a thin catheter during catheterization, to see…

Optical Coherence Tomography

Imaging from inside the coronary arteries using infrared light through a thin catheter, to see plaque and the vessel wall in very…

Pacemaker Implantation

Placement of a small device under the skin of the chest, connected to the heart by thin wires, to keep the heartbeat from…

Paravalvular Leak Closure

A procedure to close a leaking gap around an artificial heart valve with a small plugging device placed through a catheter…

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Closure

A procedure to close the channel between the aorta and the pulmonary artery that stays open after birth (PDA), usually through a…

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

PCI

The medical name for opening a narrowed or blocked coronary artery through a catheter, planned or as an emergency during a heart…

Peripheral Angiography

An examination of the leg or arm arteries using a catheter and contrast dye under X-ray, to see the location and severity of…

Peripheral Angioplasty

A catheter procedure that widens narrowed or blocked leg arteries with a balloon, including a drug-coated balloon, to improve…

Peripheral Atherectomy

A catheter procedure to shave or cut away hard plaque in the leg arteries, so the narrowing can be opened more effectively with a…

Peripheral Bypass Surgery

Surgery to create a new route for blood flow around a blocked leg artery, using your own vein or a synthetic graft.

Peripheral CT Angiography

A test of the leg arteries using a CT scan and contrast dye given through an IV, to quickly map narrowings from the abdomen to…

Peripheral MR Angiography

An examination of the leg arteries using an MRI scanner, without X-rays and without a catheter, to see where narrowings are and…

Peripheral Stent Placement

Placement of a small metal mesh support through a catheter to keep a leg artery or another artery outside the heart open after it…

Peripheral Vascular Disease Management

Overall management of narrowed leg arteries, from quitting smoking, medicines, and structured walking exercise to widening the…

Peripheral Vascular Surgery

Surgery on the arteries and veins outside the heart and brain, such as in the neck, arms, and legs, to clear blockages, create…

Peritoneal Dialysis

A form of dialysis through the abdominal cavity, using a special fluid that flows in and out through a catheter, so you can do it…

Physical Examination

A direct examination by a doctor, from blood pressure and pulse to listening to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope, to look…

Preoperative Heart Screening

A heart assessment before non-cardiac surgery to estimate risk, prepare your medicines safely, and decide the right timing for…

Pulmonary Angiography

An examination of the lung blood vessels using a catheter and contrast dye to assess long-standing blockages, pulmonary…

Pulse Volume Recording

PVR

A needle-free test that records the pulse of blood flow in the legs using cuffs, to find the location and severity of narrowing…

Remote Heart Monitoring

Regular checks of implanted heart devices, such as a pacemaker, ICD, CRT, or rhythm recorder, from home. Data is sent…

Renal Denervation

A catheter procedure to reduce the activity of the nerves around the kidney arteries, as an add-on option for blood pressure that…

Right Heart Catheterization

A test that passes a catheter through a vein to the right side of the heart and the pulmonary artery to measure pressure, oxygen…

Rotational Atherectomy

Rotablation

A catheter procedure that uses a small, very fast-spinning diamond-coated burr to shave away hard calcium in the coronary…

Sclerotherapy

An injection of a special medicine into small, widened veins, such as spider veins and small varicose veins, so the veins close…

Serum Albumin Test

A blood test that measures albumin, the main blood protein made by the liver, to help find the cause of swelling and assess…

Signal-Averaged Electrocardiogram

SAECG

A special ECG recording that averages hundreds of heartbeats to find very small electrical signals, a sign of heart muscle tissue…

Skin Biopsy

Removal of a small piece of skin tissue under local anesthesia for examination under a microscope, including to confirm systemic…

Skin Perfusion Pressure

SPP

A needle-free test that measures blood flow in the small vessels of the skin of the foot, to assess the chance of wound healing…

Stress Echocardiography

A heart ultrasound at rest and while the heart is stressed with a treadmill or medication, to see heart wall motion and valve…

Structured Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

A step-by-step recovery program after a heart attack, stent placement, heart surgery, or for heart failure, with supervised…

Thrombectomy

A procedure to remove a blood clot blocking a leg artery, a deep vein, or a lung artery, usually through a catheter with a…

Thyroid Function Test

A blood test that measures TSH and thyroid hormone to detect an overactive or underactive thyroid gland, which can affect the…

Toe-Brachial Index (TBI) Test

A needle-free test that compares blood pressure in the big toe and the arm to assess blood flow to the feet when an ABI test…

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

TAVI

A procedure that replaces the function of a severely narrowed aortic valve with an artificial valve delivered through a catheter…

Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement

A procedure to place an artificial pulmonary valve through a catheter from a vein in the groin or neck, mainly for people with…

Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure

TcPO2

A needle-free test that measures how much oxygen reaches the skin, to assess the chance that a foot wound will heal and how…

Treadmill Stress Test

An ECG recorded while you walk on a treadmill that gets faster and steeper, to see how your heart responds to exertion and look…

Urinalysis

A physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of a urine sample to assess the kidneys, urinary tract, blood sugar, and signs…

Urine Protein Test

A urine test that looks for protein, especially albumin, as an early sign of kidney and blood vessel damage caused by high blood…

Urine Protein-to-Creatinine Ratio

UPCR

A spot urine test that compares protein with creatinine to estimate how much protein leaks from the kidneys in a day, without…

Urine Tests

A group of tests on a urine sample to assess the kidneys, sugar, infection, salt, and certain hormones, including in high blood…

Varicose Vein Ablation

Closing a main leg vein with leaky valves using heat from a laser or radio waves through a thin catheter, guided by ultrasound…

Vascular Disease Screening

A needle-free, radiation-free check for narrowed leg arteries, a widened abdominal aorta, and plaque in the neck arteries in…

Vascular Ultrasound

A test of the blood vessels in the neck, legs, arms, and abdomen using sound waves and Doppler, without radiation or needles, to…

Vena Cava Filter Placement

Placement of a small filter in the large vein of the abdomen through a catheter to stop clots from the legs from reaching the…

Ventilation-Perfusion Scan

A nuclear medicine test that compares airflow and blood flow in the lungs to look for blockages from blood clots, without iodine…

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Closure

A procedure to close a hole in the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart (VSD) with a patch through surgery or, for…